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sean1234
(Newbee) 03-16-03 05:17 No 417484 |
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Ergot Alkaloids in microfungi | Bookmark | |||||
Here is a list of known fungal sources of ergot alkaloids, in case something like this hasnt been posted here before. http://www.tacethno.com/info/claviceps/e The Fungi Clavicipitaceae Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones et Gams Acremonium sp. Balansia claviceps Speg. (Black Crust) Balansia epichloë (Weese) Diehl Balansia henningsiana (Möller) Diehl Claviceps africana Frederickson, Mantle et de Milliano Claviceps cynodontis Langdon (Bermuda Grass Ergot) Claviceps fusiformis Loveless (Pennisetum Ergot) Claviceps gigantea Futentes, de Lourdes, Ullstrup et Rodrigues (Maize Ergot) Claviceps imperatae Tanda et Kawatani (Blade Grass Ergot) Claviceps litoralis Kawatani (Hama-garlic Ergot) Claviceps microspora Tanda Claviceps miscanthi Sawada Claviceps paspali Stevens et Hall (Paspalum Ergot) Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. (Rye Ergot) Claviceps purpurea var. sasae Tanda (Bamboo Ergot) Epichloë typhina (Pers. ex Fr.) Tul. (Choke) Hypocreaceae Hypomyces aurantius Fckl. (Golden Hypomyces) Trichocomaceae Aspergillus fumigatus Penicillium aurantio-virens Biourge Acremonium coenophialum contains ergine as well as ergovaline (Porter, 1995) also with various clavine alkaloids such as chanoclavine, agroclavine and penniclavine (Lyons et al., 1986). An Acremonium sp. is known to induce an effect on horses eating Sleeypygrass, Stipa robusta, and this Acremonium sp. has been found to contain ergine, isoergine, ergonovine as well as 8-hydroxylsergic acid amide and chanoclavine (Petroski et al., 1992). The only described species of Acremonium which is known to infect the genus Stipa is A. chisosum which infects S. eminens. Balansia claviceps contains ergonovine as well as chanoclavine (Porter et al., 1979). Balansia epichloe contains the psychoactive alkaloids ergonovine and elymoclavine, along with other alkaloids such as agroclavine, chanoclavine and penniclavine (Porter et al., 1979). Balansia henningsiana contains ergonovine (Bacon et al., 1981) Claviceps africana contains traces of the alkaloids elymoclavine and agroclavine as well as several other clavine alkaloids (Mantle, 1968). An ergot species, Claviceps strain 178 growing on Cynodon dactylon was found to contain ergonovine and penniclavine (Porter et al., 1974). Claviceps cynodontis is the only ergot species known to infect the Cynodon genera. C. fusiformis contains elymoclavine, lysergol as well as agroclavine, penniclavine, lysergene and many other alkaloids (Agurell & Ramstad, 1962). It is also the only ergot species known to contain alkaloids in its honeydew (Kumar & Arya, 1978). C. gigantea contains elymoclavine, agroclavine and other ergot alkaloids (Agurell et al., 1963). C. imperatae contains agroclavine, ergonovine and other ergot alkaloids (Tanda & Kawatani, 1976). C. litoralis, the ergot of Elymus mollis, is the richest source of ergot alkaloids known in review by Tanda & Kawatani (1980) which also mentions a paper which records ergonovine. Other alkaloids of C. litoralis include elymoclavine and agroclavine which were detected by Abe et al., (1955a), penniclavine and triseclavine in Abe et al., (1955c), and lysergol as well as lysergene in Abe et al., (1961). However it possible that confusion can arise with C. purpurea as both species parasitise E. mollis. C. microspora contains elymoclavine agroclavine and several water-insoluble ergot alkaloids (Abe et al., 1955b). C. miscanthi contains elymoclavine, ergonovine, agroclavine and several water-insoluble ergot alkaloids (Tanda, 1991). C. paspali submerged cultures have ergine, isoergine and lysergic acid N-1-hydroxyethylamide (Arcamone et al., 1960) while sclerotia from Australia contain up to 0.005% alkaloids composed of ergine and ergonovine along with chanoclavine and two unidentified ergoline alkaloids (Groger et al., 1961). Elymoclavine (Kobel et al., 1964) and agroclavine (Brar et al., 1968) have also been recorded. C. purpurea is the most extensively studied of the ergots and has been shown to produce a wide range of ergot alkaloids. Many reviews of its chemistry/pharmacology exist including Willaman & Hui-Lin (1970) and Parbery (in prep.). Lysergine is recorded by Abe et al. (1961). C. purpurea var. sasae, is different enough in morphology and host range from C. purpurea to be considered a separate species in the genus Claviceps. It contains elymoclavine, ergonovine and agroclavine (Tanda, 1973a). C. sorghi Kulkarni et al. is known to contain traces of the suspected psychoactive alkaloid agroclavine in cultured media (Frederickson et al., 1991). Epichloe typhina has been found to contain the psychoactive ergoline alkaloid elymoclavine along with penniclavine, agroclavine, festuclavine, ergovaline and ergovalinine (Porter et al., 1981). Hypomyces aurantius is known to contain the psychoactive alkaloid elymoclavine with two other clavine-type ergot alkaloids agroclavine and chanoclavine and two peptide-type ergot alkaloids (Yamatodani & Yamamoto, 1983). Aspergillus fumigatus in the Fungi Imperfecti contains elymoclavine and agroclavine along with alkaloids of unknown activity such as chanoclavine (Yamano et al., 1962) and festuclavine (Spilsbury & Wilkinson, 1961). Penicillium aurantio-virens contains penniclavine and agroclavine (Solov'eva et al., 1995). heres a chart showing which alkaloids the various species contains. http://www.tacethno.com/info/claviceps/s these expland a little on lycaeums lists. |
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